فصلنامه اثر
پیاپی 86 (پاییز 1398)

There is a significant example of historical castles in Iran in the region of Azerbaijan. One of the places that can be studied in terms of nature, politics, and cultural history of the region is the historical complex of Maku Castle with its especial rock-cut architecture which still remains untouched due to its impassability; therfore many of its architectural structures are still under the erosive debris layers of the upstream cliffs. The castle area starts from Qeh Mountain, under which the castle is located, and continues to Taleghani Street in the new city of Maku. In the past, this castle included the main texture of the city with fences, tall towers and fortifications, military barracks and residential and service centers. The aim of this study was to introduce the historical complex of the castle (Maku city) as one of the rare examples of cut-rock architecture in the world and because of its location in Iran and that its role in historical periods has been of great importance. In this research, which is based on field research and historical studies and the results of an archeological excavation, the historical and geographical features and architecture of the castle have been discussed.

Chahartaq is one of the most outstanding components of Iranian traditional architecture. Despite the plentifulness of Chahartaq, there is no clear data and document about the origin and usage of such a beautiful structure. One of these vague buildings is located in Orzooieh plain at Kerman province including several Chahartaq cells that are constructed beside each other so-called close Chahartaq. In this research, in the beginning, some basic information about the physical aspect of these buildings was provided and an attempt was made to figure out their type and function. Also, the reason for their construction close to each other was reviewed. To answer the first question, descriptive-analytical method and the second question, logical reasoning method and comparative study tool were used. The results proved they were Chahartaq. Chahartaqs were constructed in different types including solitary in a collection like Soltan Abad Chahartaq, a Chahartaq with porch and room located in the complex like Deh Sheikh and finally a porched Chahartaq like Ali Abad and Rahmat Abad Chahartaq. These Chahartaqs’ structure is very similar to Fire place and they were probably used to hold a ritual ceremony. Also, each of the Chahartaqs is probably specific to a nearby village and there was no special connection among them.

The issue of defining the area or correct the location of an area is one of the important factors in the protection of ancient sites and one of the important issues in the field of cultural heritage. However, since these areas are not located correctly and with real coordinates, they have been trespassed and their vague boundaries have been modified. In this regard, this research has evaluated the changes in the area of ​​the ancient hill of Hegmataneh in different periods by using the facilities and tools of remote sensing and photogrammetry. Using aerial images, a map of the changes and trends of the ancient hill of Hegmataneh was produced and it was determined that it is easy to re-read the information of very distant years with high accuracy. In this regard, the images of 1935, 1956, 1972, 1998 and 2002 were evaluated with high accuracy coefficient (85, 89, 82, 80 and 58%, respectively). The results showed that the use of satellite imagery alone (landsat images) is not enough for the development of research related to cultural heritage and historical buildings, and the reason is its low temporal resolution. As found in this study, an 84-year period was studied that demonstrates the power of aerial imagery in archaeological studies. On the other hand, the high resolution of aerial images has made it very easy to map the area of ​​Hegmataneh in different years.

Due to the time proximity of the Qajar period with the contemporary period, today there are a lot of works belonging to this period compared to previous periods; as a result, there is more knowledge about the architectural decorations of this period. Regarding the special cultural conditions prevailing in this period, especially the influence of Western arts, these architectures and decorations demonstrate special and sometimes different characteristics from the examples of previous eras. It can be said that Qajar architecture is a descendant of Safavid architecture in term of pattern. One of the buildings that followed a fixed pattern during the Qajar period and continued its previous periods is the bathhouse. Bathhouses, in addition to the functional aspect, which was a place for purification and cleaning, according to their characteristics and capacities, also had social and even political functions and, in a way, a media role. Today, there are more than a few historical bathhouses in Sanandaj that have not been fully and comprehensively researched. In this regard, this research was conducted in a descriptive-analytical manner and data collection was done in the form of field and library surveys to obtain commonalities and differentiation of the significant bathhouses of the Qajar period in Sanandaj and analyze their structure and use. The bathhouses studied are the Hammam-e Khan and the bathhouse of the mansion of Mullah Lutf Allah Shaykh al-Islam. The results of the research showed that their founders’ method and character play a very important role in being people-oriented. So much so that in order to try to develop urban spaces and because of his position in the government space, the founder of Hammam-e Khan, has built urban spaces in areas that are strategically better located. In the bathhouse of Mullah Lutf Allah, its founder has tried his best to instill the goal of supporting the people and the link between the people and the government using symbols, decorations and architectural arrays.

Researching and recognizing the beliefs, convictions, environmental knowledge, techniques and traditional methods of each community allows us to know their interests. The purpose of this study is to document the native architecture of the inhabitants of Bahar city in order to record some parts of its unwritten history in addition to introducing it and its dwellings. This research was done through observation, interview and participation. Shahr-e Bahar is located in the northwest of Hamadan and its inhabitants are from Baharloo tribe and they speak Turkish. There is now a castle neighborhood in the north of the city. By looking at the type of materials, the method of construction and the type of exploitation of spaces, we can understand the connection between man and nature. Also, the impact of livelihood and economy on the structure of the building and the function of different parts of houses (Outer courtyard, Inner courtyard, Backyard, Kiosk (Kūshk), Room, Kitchen) is quite obvious. In compiling this article, it was necessary to translate local words and transliterate each word for careful reading. According to the results of this study, the indigenous residential spaces of Bahar have been used only for humans and animals and less attention has been paid to the aesthetic aspects inside and outside the building. For the past 50 years, due different factors, the construction of traditional houses are not common anymore. Therefore, accurate recording of all the details of this type of housing is being forgotten.

Architecture, a branch of techniques and art of human civilization, has been the focus of human societies for many millennia. Among the branches of architecture, the construction of religious buildings has a special place. Architecture in Iran has a history of thousands of years, which has been formed and evolved over time under the influence of various geographical and cultural factors. Iran, with its rich experiences and advanced and rooted architecture, was defeated by the new Muslim Arabs in the first century AH, during the Sassanid era, as a result of which many Zoroastrian Iranians converted to Islam, and the construction of numerous mosques replaced the construction of fire temples. Arab architecture was initially influenced by Iranian and Byzantine architecture; since Mesopotamia and Iran was occupied by the Arabs, Iranian art and architecture greatly expanded in the form of Islamic architecture, and countless mosques were built in the corners of Iran, of which only a few traces remain today. The present study tries to analyze the factors and influential elements of early Islamic mosques in accordance with thematic documents. This is a descriptive-analytical research that was conducted using inductive method. Information and data collection was done in the form of library sueveys and field studies.
The results of the research showed that there was a close and inseparable relationship between the elements and geographical factors of each region and its religious and cultural components with the architecture derived from Islam. This influence is so far that it can be boldly claimed that the main elements and components of the construction of mosques and non-native architectural structures in Iran have been influenced by geography, geographical factors and elements and the native culture of each region.